Design parameters of Embankment with revetment - River training

Design parameters of Embankment with revetment – River training

This article is about river training works and design parameters of river training components such as the design of Embankment with revetment, Spur, stud Groynes, Calculation of discharge, calculation of spacing between the embankment, channelization, etc.

Embankment

The flood return period 25 years and free board as per BIS (1.5m).
The alignment of embankment should be fixed 1.5 times of Lacey’s width from central line of the river. But in practice, this may not possible near the village and beyond ch 30+00
Design thickness of 0.2 m for pitching in gabion for slope protection.
Countryside, side-slope =2:1 and riverside, side slope = 2:1 for the embankment, for height up to 5 m and top width =5m, bottomland width up to 28m including a plantation.
Embankment will be widened in every 1.00 km for vehicle crossing in 50m length and 10 m width.
50 cm sweet soil covers on both side and top of Embankment.

Spur

The spur shall be designed for 50 years return period at designed discharge “Q “ cumecs.
Freeboard shall be as per BIS specification 1.5m and IS practice Top of the spur shall be the minimum 4m for earth fill spur.
Crated boulder pitching 0.5m thick in machine-made crate single layers (0.5 m thick layer ) shall be provided in the semicircular nose only of slope, transition, from nose to shank and for another 25m of the shank in U/S face of the spur and D/S face, 0.3m thick crated boulder pitching shall be provided , transition, from nose to shank and next 25m length of the shank.
Size of the apron in nose 12m x 0.4m and it shall be 10 gauge HZC hand made crate of mesh 10cm x 10cm GI Crate. The priority of Machine-made Hexagonal of 10×12 mesh type / or mesh 6cm x 8cm mesh reno mattress for slope should be given, the life of machine-made crate is much high and effective.
For transition, from nose to shank and 30m length in the D/S face of the spur and launching apron shall be of 6m x 0.4m
Apron shall be laid at a low water level (LWL)
For smooth flow, nose should be semi-circular.
U/S and D/S of spur at bank connection should be reverted with embankment in 15 m lengths (launching and slope pitching ) both side
River bed material should be filled up to the lowest water level (LWL) for construction of spur for the laying of crates in deep water

Revetment

Thickness of slope pitching will be of 0.2 m in machine-made Reno mattress gabion over Geo-Textile in slope and for launching hand mad crates from HZC wire crates of 0.4m thick mess size 10cm x 10 cm and width
All revetment works shall be up to design flood level.
End anchorage shall be provided in the revetment.
Apron shall be laid at LWT (lowest water level), this is very important

Water way fixation

Lacey’s waterway is 4.75 (Q)^1/2

It is accepted to provide the width twice the lacey’s width confined bank with revetment.

Thickness of launching Apron

The thickness of the launching apron is 0.4 to 0.7 m.

Length and spacing of Spur

The placement of Spur/Stud in general is governed by the purpose and configuration of the river. In most of the river training works, the spacing of the spurs have been noticed to be 2 to 3 times studs length. The series placements of spurs/studs along the banks of the River should have effectively protected the intended purpose wherever anti-erosion measures needs. This varies from year to year and location of spur can be shifted or added wherever erosion occurs.

The length of the spur is dependent on the width of the river channel and the extent of protection work needed . In general, the spur length provided should not exceed 1/10 of the width of the river.

Spacing of Embankment

In general, embankments are aligned at a minimum spacing of three times Lacy’s waterway.

If the design discharge of the River is adopted Q cumecs. For embankment construction, Lacy’s waterway width comes to be 4.75 X Q^(1/2) m. For spur construction in the main channel, the total width is about a minimum of 300m to 500m.

Embankment should be aligned not less than 3P (where, p= perimeter ) except the thickly populated village on both the is mor banks. The area where river width is more than 3P, bench terracing from bamboo piles and plantation should be adopted.

Design of spur and Revetment

Design Discharge

The high flood Design discharge would be calculated by different methods.

For example(one of the River in India, Bihar) JICA master plan study report shows Q 50 = 1150 cumecs near Down-stream(D/S) end including most of the tributaries.

According to Flood frequency analysis and discharge observed is approximately 1000 cumecs.

Followings methods are also used to calculate the discharge and maximum is taken.

a. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Approach (WECS)

The 2-year and 100 year return period instantaneous floods (Q2 and Q100 respectively) are calculated.

Q₂ = 1.8767 x (area below 3000 m)^0.8783
Q₁₀₀ = 14.630 x (area below 3000 m) ^0.7343
The flood flows for any other return period R is then calculated by:
Q_R = e ^{(InQ2 + S x α)}
Where, S is the standard deviation of natural logarithm of annual floods and α stands for a standardized normal variant for particular period R. The values α for different return period is given as below
	Return Period, years	2	5	10	20	50	100	200
	Value of α	0	0.842	1.282	1.645	2.054	2.326	2.576
S can be calculated as follows:
S = (In (Q₁₀₀/Q₂))/2.326
In = LOG(number,(2.71828))

b. ModifiedDickens’s Method

This is one of the methods widely used in Nepal and north India for the estimation of peak discharge. The peak discharge can be calculated by using the following formula:
Q_T = C_T x A^3/4
Where C_T is for the return period T, given by:
C_T = 2.342 Log (0.6T) Log (1185/P) + 4
Where, P = 100(A_S + 6)/A
A_S = snow-covered area of the total catchment area.

· Depth of Flow Calculation

	Lacey’s waterway = L = 4.75*Q^(1/2) =			161.08	m
	Adopted Waterway as per site condition=			250.00	m

The cross section of the spot is assumed to be rectangular shape taking consideration of the shape of existing river section.

Water depth = d

Wetted Area = A=B*d

Wetted Perimeter = p = B+2d

Hydraulic Radius = H = A/p =( B*2d)/(B+2d)

Velocity = V = 1/n*H^2/3*S^1/2

Discharge = Q = V*A

· Design of Embankment & Protection

Design Data

Design Discharge Q50 = 1150 Cumecs

Water depth d50 = 1.81 m

Adopt d50 = 2.00 m from bed of River

Average velocity u = 2.53 m/s

Embankment Design

Free board	F_b =	1.50	m
Side slope on both sides 1:2	S =	2
Assumed seepage line slope 1:4	S_{s =}	4
Top width	T =	5	m
Height of the Embankment above River bed	h_{emb =}	3.50	m
Height of the Embankment above River bank	h_{emb =}	2.00	m
Waterways required		161.08	m
Provided waterways		250.00	m
Required Bottom width from seepage consideration =		12.00	m
Provided Bottom width of the embankment		13.00	m

Bank Revetment Design

Thickness of the Revetment is given by

Where,
Slope stability factor	φ_c₌	0.75	for stone pitching
Turbulence factor	K_{T =}	1.5	for turbulent and non-uniform flow
Mean equivalent roughness height	Kr = 0.95 d = 1.43 m

Depth and velocity distribution factor K_h

	From calculation K_h =	0.45

Relative density	Δ_{m =}	(y_s-y_f)(1-η)/y_f
Where,
	Density of pitching material	y_s=	2,000	Kg/m³
	Density of water	y_f=	1,000	Kg/m³
	Porosity of boulder filled boxes	η=	0.35
	From calculation Δ_{m =}	0.65

Slope reduction factor	K_s= (1-Sin²α/Sin²Ø)^1/2
where	α =	slope angle
	Ø =	angle of repose
In present case	α =	26.565 °
	Ø =	40
	Results Ks =	0.718
Dimensionless Critical shear stress	ϴ_{c =}	0.06
Required revetment thickness	D_n =	0.210	m
Provided revetment thickness		0.30	m	OK

· Launching Apron Design

Lacey’s normal scour depth below water surface	R = 0.47 (Q/f)^1/3
	f = silt factor =1.76 (d_mm)^1/2
	d_mm =	1
	f =	1.76
	Calculated R =	4.078
	Take multiplying factor x =	1.25
	Depth of Scour hole below river bed D =	3.1	m
Assuming the apron launches at 1:1.50 (V:H) slope
The required width of launching apron =	= 1.80*D =	5.58	m
Provided launching apron width		6.00	m
Required apron thickness for gabion crated boulder ~1.50*revetment thickness =	0.32
Provided Launching apron thickness		0.40	m

· Stud Design

Lacey’s normal scour depth R=

0.47 (Q/f)^1/3

where,

Q =

Discharge m ³/s

f =

Silt factor =

1.76 (d_mm)^1/2

adopted

d_mm =

f =

1.760

1150.00

4.08

Depth of water above

Effective Length of stud (L_eff) < (15% of the Waterway) =

24.16

Total length of stud provided =

12.00

Effective length of stud with 5m idle length

7.00

For 35% permeability and 90° orientationϴ=

17.5°

Spacing of studs

S =

LCot ϴ

= 44.78

Take multiplying factor x =

1.25

Depth of Scour hole below river bed D =

4.31

Assuming the apron launches at 1:1.5 (v:h) slope

The required width of launching apron =

= 1.80*D =

7.758

Provided Parameters

Length of Stud

Ls=

Spacing of studs

Length of apron

La=

Conclusion

In this way we can design and fix the Design parameters of river training woks. One of the additional parameter for design of river training work is bio-Engineering works. For the tips on the bio-engineering works read the other post “River training and bio-engineering”.

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